Revaluar la edad de retiro forzoso para maestros podrían salvar vidas

Desde que la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró el 30 de enero de 2020 la existencia de un riesgo de salud pública de interés internacional, el mundo vive un hecho sin precedentes en la sociedad moderna, una pandemia global.

La COVID-19 nos afecta a todos, pero no por igual. Los adultos mayores son los más vulnerables, por lo cual el Gobierno Nacional ha decretado que las personas de más de 70 años no pueden salir de la casa, medida que podría ser duradera mientras no haya vacuna. Además, la propagación del virus tampoco afecta a todos los sectores por igual: aquellos con mayor afluencia de personas son los de mayor riesgo.

El sector educativo es, sin duda, uno de los más riesgosos. En las escuelas, colegios y universidades es difícil mantener rigurosamente las medidas y recomendaciones hechas por los especialistas. ¿Qué niño no va a querer jugar y correr con sus amigos que hace semanas no ve? Con la gran cantidad de estudiantes que tiene Colombia, el distanciamiento físico no es una posibilidad dentro de las escuelas y colegios; tampoco lo son las otras recomendaciones de los especialistas. Muestra de esto es que fue uno de los primero en ser enviado a realizar actividades desde la casa.

Además, el magisterio tiene un número importante de maestros que están en una franja etaria de alto riesgo, lo cual debe ser analizado con lupa en esta crisis. El 2,8 % de los profesores tiene más de 65 años y el 22,4 % tiene entre 57 y 64 años de edad. Si se tiene en cuenta que la edad de pensión de los docentes puede ser de 55 años o 57 años, según el régimen por el cual hayan ingresado al magisterio, esto indica que quienes tengan más de 57 años cumplen con la edad para pensionarse; sin embargo, no lo han hecho porque la edad de retiro forzoso en Colombia es de 70 años desde 2016.

En una eventual apertura de las escuelas y colegios, estos maestros activos son quienes tendrían mayor riesgo de desenlaces fatales, lo cual se podría agudizar por la configuración del sistema de salud del magisterio, regido por un régimen especial en donde tanto salud como riesgos laborales están cubiertos a través del Fomag (Fondo Nación de Prestaciones Sociales del Magisterio), lo cual ha impedido que los maestros sean afiliados a alguna de las 10 ARL del país, incluida Positiva que es pública. De igual manera, su servicio de salud se ha venido deteriorando, en parte, por “tener todo en una sola bolsa”, salud, más riesgos laborales, más cesantías, más pensiones.

Aunque la actual ministra ha trabajado fuertemente en tratar de resolver este tema, el problema no es sencillo. Por un lado, esta situación viene de muchos años atrás y resolverlo rápidamente es difícil; por otro, hay gran interés detrás de mantenerlo como está, principalmente de aquellos que viven de gestionar trámites ante el Fomag, lo que perjudica de manera importante a los maestros.

Es extraño que la regulación sobre riesgos laborales, que le permite al empleador elegir la mejor alternativa de ARL, no funcione con el régimen especial del magisterio (¿especial?). Es importante aclarar que el Fomag actúa como ARL, pero no lo es. En el país solo existen 10 aseguradoras de riesgos laborales y este no es una de ellas. Los problemas derivados de esta situación se evidencian en los reclamos que los maestros del magisterio vienen haciendo desde hace años: no cuentan con un servicio adecuado para atender los riesgos laborales.

Esto último es clave, ya que los profesores que se contagien de COVID-19 en sus lugares de trabajo, podrían argumentar que se materializó un riesgo laboral, sin contar con los riesgos derivados de la carga emocional generada por la actual situación. Ya se reportan incrementos importantes de carga laboral y estrés generado por el uso intensivo de la tecnología, especialmente entre los trabajadores de mayor edad.

Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, es clave evaluar varias líneas de acción en esta coyuntura global y especialmente nacional. Primero, se debe pensar en la posibilidad de establecer una edad de retiro forzoso para los maestros que: 1) actualmente ejercen en el magisterio; 2) están en la franja etaria de mayor riesgo y 3) están pensionados o cumplen con las condiciones para pensionarse. Segundo, contratar los servicios de riesgos laborales con las entidades que realmente están diseñadas para tal fin, una ARL, que en el caso de los maestros del magisterio debería ser naturalmente Positiva, la ARL pública.

Esta pandemia, además de preocupaciones, ha aflorado un sentimiento de solidaridad maravilloso que se debe seguir reflejando en las acciones y políticas que se tomen para salvar vidas. Los intereses políticos o individuales no pueden estar por encima del bien social. Es en ese marco que esta columna busca abrir un debate, que considero oportuno en estos momentos, donde debemos ser creativos para tomar las mejores decisiones en búsqueda de proteger la vida.

Universidad de los Andes

1.046 thoughts on “Revaluar la edad de retiro forzoso para maestros podrían salvar vidas

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